What Human Behavior, Communication, and Leadership Reveal

Recent acts of public violence, both in open spaces and on college campuses, underscore a hard reality: emergencies rarely fail because of a lack of response. They fail because of delayed action, poor communication, and unclear leadership.

While every incident is different, the patterns that follow are remarkably consistent.

How People Really Respond in a Crisis

In moments of danger, most people don’t immediately act. Psychologically, they move through three stages:

Denial – convincing themselves nothing is wrong
Deliberation – freezing while deciding what to do
Decisive action – finally moving to protect themselves

The danger lies in how long people remain stuck in denial and deliberation. Without training or situational awareness, people may hide in unsafe places or misinterpret concealment as protection. Hiding under objects that don’t provide real cover may feel instinctive, but it often increases risk.

Preparation helps shorten this reactionary gap and allows people to act faster, even if it turns out the perceived threat wasn’t real.

Run, Hide, Fight Isn’t Universal

Common guidance like “Run, Hide, Fight” is often misunderstood, especially in schools or crowded environments where individuals are responsible for others. Teachers, staff, and administrators may not have the option to run. Effective safety planning accounts for these realities and emphasizes adaptable responses rather than rigid instructions.

Response Time Is Longer Than Most People Think

To those experiencing an emergency, minutes feel endless. But even objectively, response times are often longer than expected. Emergency clocks don’t start when violence begins, they start when responders are dispatched.

Call centers can be overwhelmed with thousands of incoming calls, many reporting the same information. Sorting real-time intelligence from chaos is difficult, even for well-trained professionals. This is why predefined, direct alerts matter: they provide immediate context and reduce confusion before responders even arrive.

The Two Questions Everyone Asks

In every emergency, people want answers to the same two questions:

What’s happening?
What do you want me to do?

Answering these once is not enough.

Extended lockdowns or shelter-in-place orders without updates increase fear, confusion, and long-term trauma. Regular, transparent communication, even when there’s little new information, helps people cope and reduces psychological harm.

Trauma Doesn’t Disappear Over Time

Many students and staff today have already experienced violence earlier in life. As those individuals move into higher education and the workforce, new incidents can retraumatize them.

Safety isn’t just about stopping threats, it’s about reducing lasting impact. How an organization communicates and leads during and after a crisis can shape recovery for years.

Leadership Is Not Optional

Law enforcement manages the tactical response. Institutions must manage their people.

Leadership means taking ownership of communication, setting expectations, supporting those in protective actions, and guiding communities through uncertainty. When leaders cannot clearly explain what is happening hours after an incident, trust erodes, and the crisis deepens.

Preparation Is the Only Advantage

Violence may be statistically rare, but it is not unpredictable. Human behavior follows patterns. Communication failures are preventable. Leadership gaps are correctable.

Preparedness is not fear-driven, it’s responsibility-driven. The organizations that weather crisis best are those that plan ahead, communicate consistently, and lead decisively when seconds matter most.